Just War Essay - 1166 Words

Just War In general, war is a very controversial and complicated series of events, but war still is a very sad last resort for humans. The statistics of how bloody and dreadful war can show the gruesomeness of this act. In armed conflicts since 1945, ninety percent of casualties have been civilians compared to fifty percent in the Second World War and ten percent in the First. The planning and execution of war remains controlled by men, but women and children are the main victims of violence in war. 160 million people died in wars during the 20th century. One can prove whether a war is worth fighting for, or is just, by the war meeting certain conditions. The war must be for a just cause. A lawful authority must declare the war. The†¦show more content†¦The power as well as the precision of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition.† Jus in bello believes that just war conduct should be governed by the ‘distinction’. The acts of war should be directed towards enemy combatants, and not towards non-combatants caught in circumstances they did not create. The prohibited acts include bombing civilian homes or residential areas that include no military targets and committing acts of terrorism against civilians. Moreover, combatants are not permitted to use violence against enemy combatants who have surrendered or who have been captured or who are injured and not presenting an immediate threat to life. Just war conduct should also be governed by the principle of proportionality. An attack cannot be launched on a military objective while knowing that the civilian injuries would be so much that the military advantage would not be worth it. Minimal force or military necessity should be taken into account during a just war. An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy, it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the known and directShow MoreRelated just war Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pages One of the oldest traditions in religious ethics is that of the just war. The quot;Just War Theoryquot; specifies under which conditions war is just. Opposition based on the Just War Theory differs from that of pacifists. Oppositionists oppose particular wars but not all war. Their opposition is based on principals of justice rather than principles of pacifism (Becker 926). In the monotheistic religious traditions of Christianity and Islam, one role of God (or Allah) is to limit or control aggressionsRead MoreEssay on The Just War Doctrine964 Words   |  4 PagesWar, in all its forms, is tragic. International law was created to establish some basis of rules to abide by—including war—and states have signed on to such a contract. The actions of states in this ever globalizing world are difficult to be controlled. The source of international law operates through the hands of the United Nations. The enforcement of the law occurs through reciprocity, collective action, and a display of international norms (Goldstein, p. 254). War in fact has been given a justificationRead MoreThe Just War Theory Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Just War theory and how did it pertain to St. Augustine? According to Augustine there is no private right to kill. According to Paul Ramsey opposes in The Just War, Christian participation in warfare â€Å" was not actually an exception to the commandment, â€Å"you shall not murder† but instead an expression of the Christian understanding of moral and political responsibility. One can kill only under the authority of God. St. Augustine argued that Christian rulers had such an obligation to makeRead More Just War Theory Essay3745 Words   |  15 PagesJust War Theory Price reduced due to problems with format One of the perennial realities of human existence is war. From the earliest recorded events of human history all the way through to modern times, human communities have engaged in armed conflict as a method of dispute resolution. While war has been a constant part of the human experience, there has also been a tendency within virtually all human civilisations to limit the extent of war and the methods by which warfare may be conductedRead More Just War and Pacifism Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pages The question Can war be justified? plagued mankind since the first war. The Just War Theory holds that war can be just. The theory has evolved for thousands of years and modern theorists, such as Michael Walzer, author of Just and Unjust Wars, puts forth criteria for a just war, such as jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Jus ad bellum includes reasons for going to war, and jus in bello deals with the people who wage war. The criteria in jus ad bellum include; just cause, declaration by a properRead More Terrorism and the Just War Tradition Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and the Just War Tradition       It ´s important, at the outset, to understand what the just-war tradition is, and isn ´t. The just-war tradition is not an algebra that provides custom-made, clear-cut answers under all circumstances. Rather, it is a kind of ethical calculus, in which moral reasoning and rigorous empirical analysis are meant to work together, in order to provide guidance to public authorities on whom the responsibilities of decision-making fall. This essay will study theRead MoreA Twentieth Century War Was Just and a Holy War Essay497 Words   |  2 PagesCentury War Was Just and a Holy War On 2nd September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Wars are started for many reasons, but can they ever be justified? This essay will analyse whether the factors causing the Second World War were justified. Augstine, a Christian leader in the Middle Ages, devised the Just War Theory. The Christian thinker Thomas Aquinas then adapted this theory, which then formed the basis of the UN conditions for a just war. To Read MoreEssay on Just War Doctrine And The Gulf Conflict1275 Words   |  6 Pages Just War Doctrine and the Gulf Conflict nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In evaluating US involvement in the Iraq conflict in terms of the Just War Doctrine - jus ad bellum and jus in bello - it is my opinion that the US adhered to the Doctrine in its entirety. The US acted justly both in its entering into the Gulf conflict (jus ad bellum) and in its conduct while in the conflict (jus in bello). To support this opinion I will individually address the co parts that constitute the Just War DoctrineRead MoreEssay about Christianity And The Just War Theory668 Words   |  3 Pages Does the Just War Theory provide sufficient moral justification for Christians’ involvement in war? The Just War Theory is a set of criteria that are used to judge whether a war is morally justifiable. It was St Augustine in the third century that formulated the Just War theory, and was formalised 10 centuries later by Thomas Aquinas. There are seven criteria by which a war can be judged to be just. Among the rules are Just Cause – there must be a very good reason for going to war, such as protectingRead MoreCritically Discuss Augustines Distinction Between Just and Unjust Wars1154 Words   |  5 PagesAugustine is highly acclaimed as the originator of the Just War theory. He founded a concept that would be built upon for many years to come. Augustine argued that war was sometimes sadly an unfortunate necessity to preserve order in society. He believed that wars should only be undertaken if they satisfy a certain criteria for a just war. McCellend notes how ‘the original condition of mans soul was innocence but since the Fall the soul has been tainted and is thus i ncapable of achieving goodness

Argumentative Essay On Columbus Day - 1400 Words

#8577424 Argumentative Essay AP English 4B/ Jenkins October 3rd, 2017 Columbus Day: Celebrating Genocide, Rape, and Enslavement Since 1492 Columbus Day! The second Monday in October. A day celebrating Christopher Columbus, which everyone rejoices because no work! A cherished day off. However, keep in mind what we are celebrating on this day. The man who this day honors, celebrates, glorifies, is no hero. He did not discover America. He was not, in any way, a person who should be respected or honored. In celebrating Columbus Day, we are celebrating a man whose true legacy is of genocide, rape, and enslavement. We need to no longer celebrate Columbus Day as a country because it glorifies a murderer and tyrant who not only directly†¦show more content†¦They do not bear arms, and do not know them†¦ They would make fine servants†¦. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.† (Halper, Katie). Columbus accepted the natives kindness and greetings and came to the conclusion that beca use of this gratitude, he could enslave them and make them bend to his will. Columbus not only enslaved, he also permitted and even encouraged the rape of the native women. An entry from his childhood friend and one of his men, Michele da Guneo, writes in a letter â€Å"While I was in the boat, I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral (Columbus) gave to me. I was filled with a desire to take my pleasure with her and attempted to satisfy my desire. She was unwilling, and so treated me with her nails that I wished I had never begun. But—to cut a long story short—I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears.† (Halper, Katie) Columbus and his men also participated in the gruesome slaughter of the indigenous people. One passage from the priest who accompanied Columbus on his conquest of Cuba, Bartolome de las Casas, details these atrocities. He wrot e, â€Å"And they (the Christians) began to carry out massacres and strange cruelties against them. They attacked the towns and spared neither the children nor the agedShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Christopher Columbus Day1630 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean and discovered what we now know as the Americas†¦ or so it’s been taught. In all actuality, there were already Native people who had been living in the continents for thousands of years. Since 1937, the US has used this â€Å"discovery† as a holiday known as Columbus Day to celebrate a man who established the beginning of colonization of the New World. While Columbus did begin the colonization of the Americas, he was not the one who discovered them. HistoryRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN ESSAY Libre2222 Words   |  9 PagesOf Mice And Men Essay Of mice and men essay State of California. essay writers salt lake city research paper writing chattanooga buy college ruled paper. Of mice and men essay Metis-sur-Mer of mice and men essay Columbus, Leicestershire, Palmdale, Bakersfield of mice and men essay san antonio write essay for me, of mice and men essay Alexandria uploading essay to common app, Chester of mice and men essay Norfolk geometry and algebra 1 formula sheet Of mice and men essay State of Rhode Island andRead MoreJake Carlson. Cullen, Engc 1101-33. Argumentative Essay.1370 Words   |  6 PagesJake Carlson Cullen, ENGC 1101-33 Argumentative Essay 03/19/2017 1376 word count The United States’ Admission of Guilt for the Invasion of Native American Land Americans hunted, imprisoned, raped, and murdered Native Americans. Cherokees surviving the onslaught were forced on a 1,00-mile march to the established Indian Territory with few provisions. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this â€Å"Trail of Tears†. (Library of Congress 1) In the 16th century Europeans began to make appearances in NorthRead MoreDiscourse on Method Essay example3627 Words   |  15 Pagesis the natural sciences; and autobiography provides its narrativization or tale (12). In inventing a counter-Cartesian (11), Discourse against Method (12) Ulmer proposes a very different CATTt. The new method contrasts conventional argumentative writing; Stanislavskis method acting is its analogous figure; Jacques Derrida provides the theoretical underpinnings; the production of texts in hyper-media is the targetted application; and the cinema remake provides its means of representation(39)Read MoreInclusion Of Fiji And Why It Is Agreeable By Supporting The Argument With Evidence2049 Words   |  9 Pageslikely to be looked at as a lower status then men. Furthermore, as a result women in the South Pacific have been facing inequality. In addition, women have started to accept that male are superior and they have to right to command and abuse. This essay will discuss the above statement with references to Fiji and why it is agreeable by supporting the argument with evidence. To begin with, women stay home and look after their kids while men look for employment opportunities (Ravuvu 1983, 2010). ThisRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Foreign Language2587 Words   |  11 PagesKatie Rudnik Instructor McClary English 102:027 20 November 2014 Researched Argumentative Essay – Foreign Language in the United States With the development of technology, improvement of transportation, and expansion of social media, globalization is occurring faster than ever. Now more than ever, companies are looking to expand internationally and employers are looking to hire multilingual employees. Because of this, the study of foreign language plays a critical role in the ever-expanding globalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesinformation looking to reinforce existing views rather than to accept the view that is backed up with the better argument, our course is designed to combat this tendency. Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker Imagine this situation. You are on a four-day backpacking trip in a national wilderness area with your friends Juanita and Emilio. The summer weathers great, the scenery is exotic, and youve been having a good time. Yesterday you drove several hours into the area and parked in the main parkingRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesApache Metals, Inc. 160 Haller Specialty Manufacturing 162 The NF3 Project: Managing Cultural Differences 163 An International Project Manager s Day (A) 172 An International Project Manager s Day (B) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (C) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (D) (see handout provided by instructor) Ellen Moore (A): Living and Working in Korea 177 Ji nan Broadcasting Corporation 196 4 PROJECT MANAGEMENTRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagessubunits or functions, also serve as liaisons between top management and supervisors. †¢ The managers in the lowest position of the management hierarchy are supervisors, sometimes called first-line managers. First-line managers or supervisors lead the day-to-day activities of individual employees as they work to accomplish the desired organizational objectives, and they are responsible for the production of goods or services. These managers implement procedures and processes that allow their units to workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pageslearn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor

The Impact of Public Policies on Young Voters Free Essays

On December 21, 1970, the Supreme Court of the United States made a decision that would drastically affect the lives of many yong adults/ By a vote of five to four, the Court declared that eighteen year olds could vote in National Elections provided they meet the normal requirements of citizenship, residency, and registration issued by their homes states (Mitchell 1). This was a great step for youths in both political and nonpolitical aspects in the way that it shows responsibility and awareness in our society. Since the majority of those affected by this policy are either in school or full time members of the woking field, they will likely recieve a lower income, therefore feeling the impact of the rising cost of living and education. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Public Policies on Young Voters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Public policies have a great impact on the eitheen to twenty year old voters. For example, economic policies affecting their basic life chances and policies regarding their lifestyle and personal liberties. By its policies, government can grant or deny substantial benefits to young workers and students. Likewise, it can impose heavy burdens and controls such as budget cuts. These cuts could cause state legislators to reduce spending on education and increase tuition and/or fees. That could cause great controversy among youth who depend on government funds to better their education, possibly setting back their efforts. Since the erly 1900’s, youth have shown leadership by expressing their ideas and opinions with strong and persuasive actions, many of which contribute to their awareness and impact on society today. For example, if our government can trust our youth to be mature and capable of enlisting in the military at the age of eighteen, then they are mature enough to vote as to who the commander in chief will be. If one is considered capable of scarificing thier life for the lives of America by handling both the mental and physical burdens brought by war, then one should be capable of deciding their own factors of life. There are also many downsides to a fresh group of voters. For example, manyt youths may not choose or qualify to vote. Since some of the youth come from lower classs, they will most likely be unable to pass the qualifications in reading or other catagories because of the lack of basic education. If a youth comes from a family of wealth, odds are their family will greatly influence their choice in elections on if they vote democratic or republic (Mitchell 3). As citizens of the United States, the constituiton allows us the right to vote when we are eighteen. To depel of this right, legislatures would have to pass a bill in the house of representatives and have that bill ratified in the senate to repeal the ammendment. This would have profound effects on the population, especially among the sector of the population who falls in the age caegories of 18 and 20. This would cause major riots and extreme outbreaks that would be non-beneficial to the government. However, to fail to vote in the interest of protecting their rights and benefits, or to change it by incluuding other benefits, des not seem wise. The ability to vote is a great advantage if used correctly. If one qualifies for the ability to vote it is to their advantage to voice their opinions in order that they might make a chang. The ability to vote opens doors for many changes and profressions. By including a more divers representation of people, we will have a better and stronger government. Including views from the yound and old to the rich and poor, we will b able to better understand the people of America. For a government to run properly, it should represent all of its people and not just a select group. By allowing our youth th be capable of the responsiblity to votem we are slowly taking a step forward to this unity amongst our government. In an effort to get Americans involved with the political process, we should make every effort to educate Americans in the ways of politics. Since yout is, of all age groups, the most flesible and able to learn, 18 is the perfect age to begin the molding of a new, political mind. With the ability to vote, we can voice our opinions on taxes and wages along with other things sicj as entertainment and clothign, all which may effect our lives on a daily basis. With the ability to speak out in a sophisticated, mature matter, with a vote, one’s chances of being heard is greater. How to cite The Impact of Public Policies on Young Voters, Papers

His 135 Week 9 Final Project free essay sample

History 135 Week 9 Final Project: â€Å"The Most Significant Events†: When most people are taught about U. S. history, we think of mostly the bad times like the wars, the civil rights movements, President Kennedy’s and M. L. King Jr’s associations, just to name a few. In this paper I will discuss those and more going into the start of the 21st century. The previous five decades consisting of the 1950s into the millennium happened during the U. S. History equally turbulent, but exciting. There also were numerous transformations within social, governmental, plus technological sections, but the WWII era currently seems rather prehistoric. Since the 1950s America has experienced major cultural transformations, starting with four main military disagreements, accelerated technological advancements, new but dangerous diseases, also one president resigns from office instead of facing impeachment or prison, then collapse to the Soviet Union, also numerous economic challenges. The United States was winning the WWII war, also some ensuing economic growth and political circumstances forced the United States in the spotlight. America had money and predictably assisted other countries, while developing their own troubles on the home front, increasing troubles socially plus economically. Numerous big trends happened throughout the 1950’s, ranging from the Cold War amidst America and the Soviet Union grew, and then the Korean War brought America to a new global war, although tensions intensified in â€Å"Egypt with the Suez Canal disaster,† and the Cuban Revolution between Castro and the people, then the United States went through some confused moments with the Anti-Communist viewpoints, and the Senator J. McCarthy’s allegations. (Halberstam, 1994). The Civil Rights Movement, in the 1950s, did have some rather impressive improvements. These improvements occurred not because of an individual person or single group, but of a movement that seemed to unite and solidify even through adversity. Possibly it was the best time cause, Blacks had served in World War II, exposing some White Americans to race issues for the first time; the country was centered on anti-communism, so race may have taken a back seat. It is also important to remember that it was not only brave African Americans who led the fight for justice, but college students and religious leaders of many races. In fact, these activities often employed legal challenges, civil protests, and other initiatives to bring the issue of racism into the living rooms of middle-class Americans. Not every African Americans agreed with the manner in which the struggle should be made: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was a primary advocate of peaceful change† reasonable dialog, and taking the arguments of Thoreau and Gandhi to heart. King believed if enough people purposely broke, albeit peacefully, unjust laws and actions, those laws would fail. (Morris,1986, 30-44, 58-89). In contrast, though, as millions of African Americans migrated from the rural South to the North and West seeking new and better jobs, they demanded higher pay and a more democratic systems. This, combined with more mechanization of agriculture in the South, moved the African American into wider dispersion throughout the country. It is also interesting to note that most Americans and politicians supported the decolonization of the African nations and equal government and rights for those populations but then in their own backyard had differing views. Legal challenges were plentiful with the largely recognized was the 1954 verdict on Brown versus Board of Education, and the U. S. Supreme Court administered â€Å"segregated schools unconstitutional. † In refusing anyone the right to an education, the Court said, many institutions in the South were refusing basic Constitutional rights guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. (See: http://brownvboard. org/summary). Although, the ruling was a major victory, when, in 1957 the Little Rock Arkansas School District was commanded to desegregate; and its Governor Fabus refused, arguing that the States had the right to administer their schools. In the Fall of 1957, Fabus called out the National Guard to prevent African Americans from entering Little Rock High School and media coverage in its infancy, and Americans were not surprised to seeing white adults in crowds attacking Black children. As the world’s eyes are observing the United States and President Eisenhower desperate to regain control over the U. S. , and Federal Troops were called in to protect African Americans, and Governor Fabus closed the schools in 1958 and 1959. Still, the Movement accentuated the idea of peaceful coexistence and the establishment of legal authority for members of all races. What maybe made the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s so significant is not essentially what battles were won but what training had been done as the decade drew to a close. (Jackson, 2006). If the 1950s were traditional politically, and filled with media images of the perfect family, despite the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1960s were anything but peaceful. The 1960s were especially unique in that so many children had been born in the years after WWII that now, in the 60s, they were becoming of age, thus the 60s are also known as the Age of Youth. Several general trends characterize the era: a vast counterculture and social revolution, typically youth rebelling like never before; increased attention to civil rights, feminism, the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement at home; more prevalence of illegal drugs; increasing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and China; new experiments in music, dance, and the arts; and several international and national assassinations that changed the course of political history. This was also the era of vast social and political upheavals, riots, demonstrations, sit-ins, opt outs, and a clear counter culture that turned away from mainstream materialism and into a new sexual revolution questioning authority, societies, government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women, minorities, sexual minorities, and above all, the end of the Vietnam War. (Gitlin,1993). As the world’s eyes are observing the United States and President Eisenhower who was desperate to regain control over the States, Federal Troops were chosen in to protect African Americans, and Governor Fabus closed the schools in 1958 and 1959. Still, the Movement accentuated the idea of peaceful coexistence and the establishment of legal authority for members of all races. What possibly made the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s so important is not necessarily what battles were won but what preparations were made as the decade drew to a close. (Jackson, 2006). If the 1950s were conservative politically, and filled with media images of the perfect family, despite the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1960s were anything but peaceful. The 1960s were especially unique in that so many children had been born in the years after WWII that now, in the 60s, they ere becoming of age, thus the 60s are also known as the Age of Youth. Several general trends characterize the era: a vast counterculture and social revolution, typically youth rebelling like never before; increased attention to civil rights, feminism, the new left, and the Latino and Chicano movement; the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement at home; more prevale nce of illegal drugs; increasing tensions between the West and the Soviet Bloc and China; new experiments in music, dance, and the arts; and several international and national assassinations that changed the course of political history. This was also the era of vast social and political upheavals, riots, demonstrations, sit-ins, opt outs, and a clear counter culture that turned away from mainstream materialism and into a new sexual revolution questioning authority, societies, government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women, minorities, sexual minorities, and above all, the end of the Vietnam War (Gitlin,1993). Though for numerous people, it was the Vietnam War, roughly 1959-1975 that characterized the 1960s. The history of the war is complex, but essentially the conflict was fought between South Vietnam, and North Vietnam. The war was essentially a guerilla war fought between pro and anti-communist forces. The problem was who could tell who was communist and who was not. The United States and its allies entered the war under the pretence of preventing the takeover of South Vietnam as part of a wider strategy to contain communism. Some planners at the time used the analogy the domino effect to describe what they believed would happen if one country after another fell to community rule. An instance of what was forecasted was complicated by President Eisenhower as early in 1954; â€Å"Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the falling domino principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. † (Domino theory, news conference,1954) As the war had accelerated throughout the early part of presidency of John F. Kennedy, possibly was appropriate to his view that unless a strong ine was drawn, the Soviet Union would continue to exert its authority and power. Though, the quality of the South Vietnamese military was poor, and unlike the North Vietnamese military, had corruption, poor leadership, and an incompetent government made it all but impossible to fight a modern war with any hope of winning (McNamara, 1996, 3-20). A fter the assignation of President Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson was more disturbed with issues at home, his Great Society than the war in Asia. Of course, though, the war intensified, demanding increasingly extra American troops and dollars to be sent to the area and escalation throughout the decade. In November 1967 General Westmoreland focused his efforts on a public relations tour to bolster support for the War, but found the public apathetic at best no one could really understand the reason for a war in Southeast Asia, let alone understand a war that seemed as if American was not really trying to win. (McNamara,1996,45-90). Culturally, still the effects on the U. S. social framework were great deals. The Army became almost demoralized, some generals saying, we never knew our friends or our enemies. Tactics became a political basketball, and the success rate was low even at the best of times. Veterans returning to the U. S. after duty were rarely celebrated, and believed they had been alienated from their country and confused regarding why they had even been in Vietnam. Again, even Henry Kissinger noted that the U. S. military was not really suited to this kind of war. Similarly, the financial burden of the War called political judgment into question; doubts were rife about the tactics, and ever decision was analyzed on the nightly news, with most Americans believing that we simply did not belong there, (Davidson, 1991). More than anything, the Vietnam War emphasized what was wrong on the home front and that a superpower was not always a superpower tremendous might would not always prevail. From the turbulent 60s we move into the confusing 1970s a decade of change, healing, economic downturns, dishonesty at the highest stages of government, greater dependence on foreign steel and oil, but a more mature focus on political and social equality. Japans economy boomed but much of the West, heavily dependent upon Arab oil, suffered an economic recession. Vietnam was finally ended; with a peace accord that left little doubt America did not win the war. The U. S. became entangled in the conflicts in the Middle East but could not really get its own house in order. Environmentalism, Feminism, and even more focus on Civil Rights were part of this decade, with many positive steps in integrating women and minorities into previously closed aspects of society. The counterculture was aging, and there was still a great deal of discontent, both America and Europe were moving to the Right politically and culturally (Burns, 2005). The Presidential Crisis of Richard Nixon, which seemed to shape the way the world viewed America in the 1970s. The so-called Watergate Affair encompassed a number of secret, and illegal, activities sanctioned by President Nixon or his aids. In brief, Nixon hired some underlings to break into the Democratic Party Headquarters on June 17, 1972. They were tasked to gather secret information to be used against the Democrats in the upcoming election. Watergate despite, became a figure of the numerous scandals that were uncovered by reporters from â€Å"The Washing Post† and numerous newspapers. Nixon, of course, downplayed the scandal, but when tapes of conversations were found, it became clear that Nixon himself had accepted illegal campaign contributions, and had harassed opponents with Presidential powers, and abused his position in office as well as his duty toward the Constitution. (Stans, 1978). Nixon continued to deny his involvement, stating to the nation in November, 1973: â€Å"People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I’m not a crook. I’ve earned everything I’ve got. †( Kilpatrick,1973-11-18). Nixon Tells Editors, Im Not a Crook. (The Washington Post, 1973) Nevertheless, in May 1974, the Congressional House Judiciary Committee opened public impeachment hearing against President Nixon. Practical to the end, Nixon realized he had lost political and public support, and that it was certain he would be impeached and likely convicted and imprisoned. Instead, he resigned the Presidency on August 9, 2974, after making an impassionate television address to the public. Nixon never admitted to any wrongdoing, but later said he might have had errors in judgment. (Kutler, 1992: 167-72). As a result of Watergate, Nixon was disbarred by the State of New York, and because he would admit no wrongdoing, he resigned all his law licenses. On September 8, 1974, however, he was pardoned unconditionally by his successor, President Gerald Ford, thus ending any possibility of a future indictment. The pardon was, of course, quite controversial and many claimed it was part of a secret deal made in payment for Nixon’s resignation. The 1980s are now known as the Age of Reagan Conservatism, after the two terms in office of Ronald Reagan, former Hollywood actor and Governor of California. Globally, economies boomed, both production and Western culture moved to the 2nd and 3rd worlds, while the Western democracies saw a huge revival of conservatism with Margaret Thatcher in Britain, Reagan in the United States, Helmut Kohl in German, and Brian Mulroney in Canada. Yes, there was war in the Middle East, and the Arab-Israeli conflict continued. In China, reformers protested in Tiananmen Square, in the USSR a new policy of openness was popularized by Gorbachev, and in Eastern Europe a succession of dictatorial regimes toppled due to lack of financial support from the USSR. In fact, may social historians believe that one of the legacies of the Reagan years was his insistence upon military spending to literally bankrupt the Russian economy (White, 1999). But it was not just Reagan’s foreign policy that characterized this era. Instead, a now popular term called Reaganomics’ has come to be the epitome of the U. S. economy in the 1980s. There are four major pillars of this plan, which was designed to cut back on domestic spending and increase military funding. ) Reduce any non-military governmental spending, 2) Reduce tax rates on income from labor and capital, 3) Reduce governmental regulation on the economy, and 4) Control the money supply and reduce inflation. (Wilentz, 2008: 174). The legacy of the Reagan years showed that when he became president the country was experiencing a high rate of inflation and unemployment by the time he left office, the economy was stimulated, unemployment down, inflation down but, the national debt tripled, leaving also a legacy of debt (Greenspan,2007). Transitioning from the legacy of Reagan, one of the seminal events of the 1990s was the Fall of the Soviet Union, the Eastern Communists, and the end of the Cold War. America made huge leaps technologically, free-market capitalism was now common in more developing countries; racial and gender prejudice became the exception, and, after 165 of British Colonial Rule, Hong Kong was transferred to the jurisdiction of the People’s Republic of China. United States was involved in the 1991 Gulf War, as well as the North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994 creating a free trade zone encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The dominant political figure of the 1990s in America was Bill Clinton, and his attempts to broker peace in the Middle East, in the former Yugoslavia, and a focus on globalization left America in a world-leadership role once again. (Kallen,1998). It was, though, the end of the Cold War that finally cemented the move toward greater globalization, peace and prosperity, and less of a focus on militarization and the climate of fear. In brief, by the time Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant, if not in shambles. He realized he needed to do deep structural changes, but also knew that he needed to move towards peace with the U. S. , and a lessened burden on the Soviet GNP for spending on the military. Through a series of summit talks, the arms race was scaled back, and by 1989 the Soviet alliance system had collapsed, Poland became free, and the era of communism was officially over when the USSR was officially dissolved on Christmas Day 1991 (Gaddis,1994). The legacy of the Cold War, however, remains with us even today. Countless billions of dollars and millions of lives were shed in the name of protecting the Communism, Socialism, Capitalism. Without a doubt, the politics of post-World War II helped define America’s policeman role in world politics, and even in 1989 had military alliances with over 50 countries and 1. 5 million troops posted in 117 countries (Gaddis, 1994). While there has been a new era of economic growth and partnership with the West in some former communist countries, the Russian Republic continues to face challenges with its ethnic minorities, its criminal element, and deciding its place in the world. The question now people are asking is if the world will make it through the year of 2010 and then into year 2012. Some futurologists predicting the future say that if we live past 2012 and beyond are very uncertain. Certainly, the rapidity of technological change will continue to have a major impact both in America and abroad. The conflicts in the Middle East have depended, and seem to have stagnated with no end in sight. It will be imperative that the United States divest itself from dependence on foreign oil, and thus the need to be constantly involved in the affairs of he Middle East. Cyclically, it appears that America is headed for a recessionary period huge amounts of credit card and bad-real estate debt have crippled the economy, as well as placed resources in very precarious positions. That said, however, we are on the brink of possibly electing the first African American President, we have a female Speaker of the House, and numerous racial, sexual, and ethnic minorities in high positions in the military, government, and private sector. As we have seen, the one constant is change, and change we will perhaps not in the direction futurists describe but clearly, in a rapid direction of egalitarianism and a philosophy of global cooperation. References: www. brownvboard. org â€Å"The Future of American Power† http://www. foreignaffairs. org/20080501facomment87303/fareed-zakaria/the-future-of-american- power. html â€Å"What is the economic future of the United States? † http://www. kuro5hin. org/story/2005/5/21/54452/0829 http://www. historyplace. om/speeches/ford. htm www. watson. org Burns, Bree, (2005), America In The 1970s, Facts on File. Davidson, Philip, (1991), Vietnam At War: The history: 1946-1975, Oxford University Press. Gaddis, John Lewis, (1994), The U. S. and the End of the Cold War, Oxford University Press. Gitlin, Todd (1993), The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage, Bantam. Halberstam, David, (1994), The Fifties, Ballantine. Jackso n, Thomas F. (2006), From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle For Economic Justice, University of Pennsylvania Press. Kallen, Stuart. (1998), A Cultural History of the United States: The 1990s, Lucent Books. Kutler, Stanley (1992), Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon, WW Norton. McNamara, Robert, (1996), In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, Vintage Press. Morris, Aldon, (1986), Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. Free Press. Stans, Maurice H. (1978) The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate, W. Clement Stone. Kilpatrick, Carroll (1973-11-18). Nixon Tells Editors, Im Not a Crook'. The Washington Post. White, Anne, (1999), Democratization in Russia Under Gorbachev, 1985-91, Palgave McMillan. Wilentz, Sean. (2008), The Age of Reagan: A History, Harper. Greenspan, Alan, (2007) The Age of Turbulence, Penguin Press. (First add your own TITLE Page to this paper. Also a little tip: Make the conclusion a stronger one and shorten the information of the paragraphs, and you should have a great paper. These References are not in the complete order of â€Å"APA† style. ) I received a grade point of 240 for this paper for the course of â€Å"HIS/135. † Complete course description: â€Å"The American Experience Since 1945 (AXIA). †

DERYA KOLSDAL Essays - Stephen King, Derry, , Term Papers

DERYA KOLSDAL ELA LOZINSKI AMERICAN LITERARY EXPERIENCE 15 FEBRUARY 1999 IT Stephen King is the author of more than thirty worldwide bestseller. Much of his work has made its way to movie and television screens around the world. Stephen King lives in Bangor, Maine, with his wife, the novelist Tabitha King. He refuses to go into the cellar of his home, having come to believe that a velociraptor is waiting for him under the stairs by the fusebox with its eyes gleaming and its nasty little claws outstretched. The reason he writes horror, ?I've always written horror...because it's a kind of psychological protection. It's like drawing a magic circle around myself and my family. My mother always used to say,'If you think the worst, it can't come true' I know that's only a superstition, but I've always believed that if you think the very worst, then, no mattered things get (and in my heart I've always been convince that they can get pretty bad), they'll never get as bad as that. If you write a novel where the bogeyman gets somebody else's children, maybe they'll never get your own children...? His full name is Stephen Edwing King ,he is marry with Tabitha Spruce, whom he met at the University of Maine at Orono.He has three childrens, Owen Phillip, Joseph Hillstrom and Naomi Rachel. When he was three, King's merchant seaman father went to get a pack of cigarettes and was never seen again. Sometime in 1959/60 King discovered a box of science-fiction and horror books at an aunt's house,and he start to write short stories. Between 1971 and 1973 King taught English at Hampden Academy, living in a trailer and writing for magazines as an extra source of income.In 1973 he became a full-time writer, publishing Carrie. After several moves, he reached Bangor, Maine in 1980. In the words that grace so many of his books... "He lives with his wife and their three children in Bangor, in Maine, his home state and the place where he feels he really belongs'. His books often focus on evil and the result that fear imposes on people. It deals with several children who have a bit of a trouble with a long-living entity who goes on a killing spree every 27 years... They try desperately to kill it and think they succeeded as children... as they are older they find out that the thing has returned... and they must defeat it once again. They come back to Derry to destroy the evil (it). This time they manage to make absolutely sure that they kill IT.Finally they kill the IT.Well each of them leave Derry, and totally forgets anything that happened. IT was a kind of spider at the end of the story. IT is related with Stephen King's life, he had a lot of problems while on his child hood. He always wanted to forget the past and in story he made his characters to forget what happened.he can't forget the past and he wants to show himself that he can forget the bad thing if he really want to forget. On the beginning of the story he show the children like a bunch of losers, other kids don't like them ,they always mass around them. Also a lot of kid mass around him when he was a little alone kid,he wanted to make friends but no one did like him.he tell the hard thing for the characters weary well because he had the same experiences. In the story he tell us about his childhood under different names. Stephen King believes medic, and he has a lot of fears.All most his all books he use magic ,he thinks that magic is exist.Once he said that?Kids, fiction is the truth inside the lie, and the truth of this fiction is simple enough: the magic exists'.In the story characters beat the IT with magik,he believes magic so it isn't hard to imagine that kind of unbelievable things.At the end of the story IT shows her self like an insect ,Stephen King fraids of spider and think that you are fraid of spider what do you use for fraytined things ofcaurse giant spider.He tell the gint spider perfectly because a spider is

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (December 8, 1542–February 8, 1587), was the ruler of Scotland as well as a potential claimant to the throne of England. Her tragic life included two disastrous marriages, imprisonment, and eventual execution by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Fast Facts: Mary, Queen of Scots Known For: Queen of Scotland and cousin to Queen Elizabeth I who eventually had Mary executedAlso Known As: Mary Stuart or Mary StewartBorn: December 8, 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, ScotlandParents: King James V and his French second wife, Mary of GuiseDied: February 8, 1587 in Fotheringhay Castle, EnglandEducation: Extensive private education including instruction in Latin, Greek, poetry and prose, horsemanship, needlework falconry, Spanish, Greek, and FrenchSpouse(s): Francis II, Dauphin of France, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of BothwellChildren: James VI of England (also James I of Scotland)Notable Quote: Marys last words are recorded as: â€Å"In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum† (â€Å"Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit†) Early Life The mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, was Mary of Guise (Mary of Lorraine) and her father was James V of Scotland, each in their second marriage. Mary was born on December 8, 1542, and her father James died on December 14, so the infant Mary became queen of Scotland when she was just a week old. James Hamilton, Duke of Arran, was made regent for Mary, Queen of Scots, and he arranged a betrothal with Prince Edward, the son of Henry VIII of England. But Marys mother, Mary of Guise, was in favor of an alliance with France instead of England, and she worked to overturn this betrothal and instead arranged for Mary to be promised in marriage to Frances dauphin, Francis. The young Mary, Queen of Scots, only 5 years old, was sent to France in 1548 to be raised as the future queen of France. She married Francis in 1558, and in July 1559, when his father Henry II died, Francis II became king and Mary became queen consort of France. Marys Claim to the English Throne Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart (she took the French spelling rather than the Scottish Stewart), was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor; Margaret was the older sister of Henry VIII of England. In the view of many Catholics, the divorce of Henry VIII from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and his marriage to Anne Boleyn were invalid, and the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth, was therefore illegitimate. Mary, Queen of Scots, in their eyes, was the rightful heir of Mary I of England, Henry VIIIs daughter by his first wife. When Mary I died in 1558, Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband Francis asserted their right to the English crown, but the English recognized Elizabeth as the heir. Elizabeth, a Protestant, supported the Protestant Reformation in Scotland as well as in England. Mary Stuarts time as queen of France was very short. When Francis died, his mother Catherine de Medici assumed the role of regent for his brother, Charles IX. Marys mothers family, the Guise relatives, had lost their power and influence, and so Mary Stuart returned to Scotland, where she could rule in her own right as queen. Mary in Scotland In 1560, Marys mother died, in the middle of a civil war she stirred up by attempting to suppress the Protestants, including John Knox. After the death of Mary of Guise, the Catholic and Protestant nobles of Scotland signed a treaty recognizing Elizabeths right to rule in England. But Mary Stuart, returning to Scotland, managed to avoid signing or endorsing either the treaty or recognition of her cousin Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots, was herself a Catholic and insisted on her freedom to practice her religion. But she did not interfere with Protestantisms role in Scottish life. John Knox, a powerful Presbyterian during Marys rule, nevertheless denounced her power and influence. Marriage to Darnley Mary, Queen of Scots, held on to hopes of claiming the English throne which she considered hers by right. She turned down Elizabeths suggestion that she marry Lord Robert Dudley, Elizabeths favorite, and be recognized as Elizabeths heir. Instead, in 1565 she married her first cousin, Lord Darnley, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Darnley, another grandson of Margaret Tudor and heir of another family with a claim to the Scottish throne, was in the Catholic perspective the next in line to Elizabeths throne after Mary Stuart herself. Many believed that Marys match with Darnley was impetuous and unwise. Lord James Stuart, the Earl of Moray, who was Marys half-brother (his mother was King James mistress), opposed Marys marriage to Darnley. Mary personally led troops in the chase-about raid, chasing Moray and his supporters to England, outlawing them and seizing their estates. Mary vs. Darnley While Mary, Queen of Scots, was at first charmed by Darnley, their relationship soon became strained. Already pregnant by Darnley, Mary, Queen of Scots, began to place trust and friendship in her Italian secretary, David Rizzio, who in turn treated Darnley and the other Scottish nobles with contempt. On March 9, 1566, Darnley and the nobles murdered Rizzio, planning that Darnley would put Mary Stuart in prison and rule in her place. But Mary outwitted the plotters: she convinced Darnley of her commitment to him, and together they escaped. James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who had supported her mother in her battles with the Scottish nobles, provided 2,000 soldiers, and Mary took Edinburgh from the rebels. Darnley tried to deny his role in the rebellion, but the others produced a paper that he had signed promising to restore Moray and his fellow exiles to their lands when the murder was complete. Three months after Rizzios murder, James, the son of Darnley and Mary Stuart, was born. Mary pardoned the exiles and allowed them to return to Scotland. Darnley, motivated by Marys split from him and by his expectations that the exiled nobles would hold his denial against him, threatened to create a scandal and leave Scotland. Mary, Queen of Scots, was apparently by this time in love with Bothwell. The Death of Darnley- and Another Marriage Mary Stuart explored ways to escape from her marriage. Bothwell and the nobles assured her that they would find a way for her to do so. Months later, on February 10, 1567, Darnley was staying at a house in Edinburgh, possibly recovering from smallpox. He awakened to an explosion and fire. The bodies of Darnley and his page were found in the garden of the house, strangled. The public blamed Bothwell for the death of Darnley. Bothwell faced charges at a private trial where no witnesses were called. He told others that Mary had agreed to marry him, and he got the other nobles to sign a paper asking her to do so. Immediate marriage, however, would violate any number of etiquette and legal rules. Bothwell was already married, and Mary would be expected to formally mourn her late husband Darnley for a few months at least. Before the official period of mourning was complete, Bothwell kidnapped Mary; many suspected that the event occurred with her cooperation. His wife divorced him for infidelity. Mary Stuart announced that, despite her kidnapping, she trusted Bothwells loyalty and would agree with the nobles who urged her to marry him. Under threat of being hanged, a minister published the banns, and Bothwell and Mary were married on Mary 15, 1567. Mary, Queen of Scots, subsequently attempted to give Bothwell more authority, but this was met with outrage. Letters (whose authenticity is questioned by some historians) were found tying Mary and Bothwell to Darnleys murder. Fleeing to England Mary abdicated the throne of Scotland, making her year-old son James VI, King of Scotland. Moray was appointed regent. Mary Stuart later repudiated the abdication and attempted to regain her power by force, but in May 1568, her forces were defeated. She was forced to flee to England, where she asked her cousin Elizabeth for vindication. Elizabeth deftly dealt with the charges against Mary and Moray: she found Mary not guilty of murder and Moray not guilty of treason. She recognized Morays regency, and she did not allow Mary Stuart to leave England. For nearly 20 years, Mary, Queen of Scots, remained in England, plotting to free herself, to assassinate Elizabeth, and to gain the crown with the help of an invading Spanish army. Three separate conspiracies were launched, discovered, and squelched. Death In 1586, Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought to trial on charges of treason in Fotheringay castle. She was found guilty and, three months later, Elizabeth signed the death warrant. Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading on February 8, 1587. Legacy The story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is still well known more than 400 years after her death. But while her life story is fascinating, her most significant legacy resulted from the birth of her son, James VI. James made it possible for the Stuart line to continue, and for Scotland, Ireland, and England to unite through the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Famous Quotes The best-known quotations from Mary, Queen of Scots, relate to her trial and execution. To those who stood in judgment of her relative to accusations of plotting against Elizabeth: Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England.To those executing her: I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.Last words, prior to beheading: In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum (Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit). Sources Castelow, Ellen. Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots. Historic UK.Guy, John. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart. Houghton Mifflin: New York. April 2004.â€Å"Queens Regnant: Mary, Queen of Scots - In My End Is My Beginning.† History of Royal Women, 19 Mar. 2017

MGT509 - Human Resource Management Mod 1 SLP Essay

MGT509 - Human Resource Management Mod 1 SLP - Essay Example It is no secret that recruiting, selection and onboarding are some of the most important processes for bringing in new talent in an organization. Companies spend a lot of time, money and energy into selecting and hiring the best recruits and can only hope that they will stay through the orientation programs and beyond and be a good fit with the organizational culture so that they can be contributing to its goals in the shortest time possible. In some ways, the success of the hiring program also depends to a great extent on the investment of time and energy in planning these aspects. As much as candidates try to show organizations that they are the best talent available, the organization also should try to show potential employees that they are the best employers. Coca Cola should know, it has over 100 years of experience and is a global enterprise having the world’s most recognized brand. As explained, I interviewed Miss Ceree Eberly, Human Resources Director for Coca Cola, USA. It was a short telephonic interview, but I think I got what I was looking for. She put me in touch with another HR representative who answered most of my questions on the company’s recruiting, selection and onboarding processes. One of the problems that HR is facing regards the verification of details on the forms and resumes of potential candidates. Like their Face book and Twitter profiles, resumes of candidates may be highly embellished or inflated with experiences and skills that they never had or used and roles they never played. The second difficulty is that candidates give up too easily during the hiring process and are frustrated because of current economic conditions in the USA. The company understands that this is partly because of post-recessionary trends seen in the economy, but society will have to adapt. They want candidates that are skilled and confident and see the job as a career, not just a stepping stone to another organization (SIOP, 2002). The third issue

Cinematography - Social Issues in Documentaries Essay

Cinematography - Social Issues in Documentaries - Essay Example Except that, there are also â€Å"easy† movies that are intended to entertain and relax. However, there are rather serious genres that motivate people to think and read between the lines, implying deep inner sense. Among such genres, there are documentaries, films, which are often rather deprived of aesthetic embellishments and fancy fiction. These movies hold their own particular niche in cinematography, being rather different from fictional feature films because they do not try to colour the truth or distort reality. â€Å"Documentary filmmakers seek to capture on film a representation of the world â€Å"as it is† (or least a representation which is as undiluted as possible), (Tarantino, 2010, p.3). In a documentary movie, the author seeks to depict a real-life event or story objectively rather than through the prism of personal bias or perspective. According to academics, â€Å"documentary is a form of argument about the historical world† (in contrast to fict ional imaginary and metaphorical worlds) (Warmington et al, 2011, p.462). Moreover, as far as many films focus on relevant social, political, religious or cultural issues, the filmmaker may use them to communicate his message to the audience. Although unbiased and rather succinct in their nature – and only sometimes with a pinch of sentimentality – documentary can make people consider serious problems and think over their resolution. The peculiar features of such films are that they are unobtrusive, often feature only real-life characters (not actors) and show real footage of the depicted events. According to Ward (2008), the documentary is the type of nonfiction motion picture, which provides a specific opinion on a certain issue along with presenting facts. Thereby, the documentaries are peculiar in their nature due to a combination of objective facts’ presentation and clearly identified point of view regarding these facts. Documentaries focusing on social issues interact with and affect the audience and are likely to produce a significant impact on people’s minds.  Ã‚  

Edit the Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edit the Resume - Essay Example I would appreciate the opportunity to meet you to discuss my qualifications and the opportunity for a position in your company. Thank you for your time and consideration in reviewing my application. I will contact you within the next ten days to confirm your receipt of my application and to answer any questions. Thank you very much for the opportunity to discuss openings at the entry-level in the accounting department of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I enjoyed meeting with you and learning more about your company and the career paths available. I am confident that a career at ---- will present many exciting opportunities for me to develop my potential and be an asset to the company. I believe that my personal skills and the solid foundation in commerce which I have developed through my studies at the University of Toronto equip me for an entry-level position in your company. I would like to add that the Choi Jung Ho Accounting Tax Service achieved their best record for accuracy during the summer I worked there. I am confident that I have the accounting savvy necessary to ensure that I will be productive and profitable accountant at ------. I can be reached at 647-300-8548 or by e-mail at cuttyhindi@hotmail.com. I look forward to speaking with you soon, and will keep in touch with you in the hope that you will give me the opportunity to join your firm. Thank you once again for your time and

Sports Nutrition: Components of Balanced Diet

Sports Nutrition: Components of Balanced Diet DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF A DIET BALANCE (P6 P7) PART A: P6 BALANCED DIET CARBOHYDRATES Our bodies look for carbs as an energy source because they are readily available when there is need for some quick energy. Different foods contain different types of carbohydrates, for example when we are eating candies or cookies we are consuming mostly sugars which are simple carbs. FATS Lipids which are generally known as fats have more calories per gram than other nutrients so they are energy dense nutrients. They are a good form of sustainable energy for endurance activities. PROTEINS Because protein is necessary for growth, repair and development our body uses it as a last alternative source of energy. We get protein from a selection of animal and plant foods. Meat and beans being high quality sources. Protein is broken down into Amino Acids. WATER Water is an important part of all body functions and processes, including digestion and elimination. When youre on a diet, water also acts as a weight-loss aid because it can help you eat less. Drinking water is important during weight loss because it provides hydration without unwanted calories. FIBRE A diet that includes foods that are rich in fiber can help lower blood cholesterol and prevent diabetes and heart disease. When carbohydrates are combined with fiber, it slows the absorption of sugar and regulates insulin response. And food with fiber make us feel full, which discourages overeating. VITAMINS Vitamins are non-caloric, they perform specific tasks at a molecular level and help prevent deficiency diseases. They need to be provided by a diet as our bodies cannot manufacture them. (Except Vitamin D and K) They also help maintain growth and with the nervous and system functions. Some vitamins are also required to produce hormones. Questions: What are the daily recommended allowances for each section? Guideline Daily Amount Values Typical values Women Men Children (5-10 years) Calories 2,000 kcal 2,500 kcal 1,800 kcal Protein 45 g 55 g 24 g Carbohydrate 230 g 300g 220 g Sugars 90 g 120 g 85 g Fat 70 g 95 g 70 g Saturates 20 g 30 g 20 g Fibre 24 g 24 g 15 g Salt 6 g 6 g 4 g Why should some sections be avoided or minimised in consumption? Saturated Fat This is the kind of fat found in butter and lard, pies, cakes and biscuits, fatty cuts of meat, sausages and bacon, and cheese and cream. A diet high in saturated fat raises cholesterol levels and increases the risk of heart disease. If we follow a balanced diet what types of diseases do we avoid? A healthy diet prevents obesity which is caused by a high intake of fat and sugars paired with a lack of physical activity PART B P7: DESCRIBE AN APPROPRIATE TWO-WEEK DIET PLAN FOR A SELECTED SPORTS PERFORMER FOR A SELECTED SPORTS ACTIVITY The main goal of this diet plan is to provide the stated athlete with a healthy balanced diet which will help him with his performance within his main sport and allow him to maintain the right weight that is needed to compete at a high level. Notes: Athlete requirements Maintain body weight Daily Calorie Intake (for maintaining weight) Be able to plan a diet appropriate for a selected sports activity Diet: balanced diet (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, fibre, vitamins, minerals) Activities: eg aerobic, anaerobic, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility; timing, eg pre-season, mid-season, post-season, pre-event, inter-event, post event Planning diets: appropriate for selected activity; appropriate for selected sports performer; assessment of needs, eg weight gain, weight loss, muscle gain, fat gain, fat loss; nutrition (macronutrients, micronutrients, fibre); food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, oils, dairy, meat); sources; availability TASK 10 (P7) Produce a balanced diet plan for a professional athlete of your choice for a two-week period and describe why you have chosen these foods. Week 1 Week 1 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Breakfast Lunch Pre-training During training Post training Dinner Week 2 Week 2 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Breakfast Lunch Pre-training During training Post training Dinner (For (M5) explain in detail your chosen food combinations in the above two-week diet)

Thurgood Marshall Essay -- Biography Marshall judge

Thurgood Marshall was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1908. His original name was Thoroughgood but he shortened it to Thurgood in second grade. His father, William Marshall, instilled in him an appreciation for the Constitution of the United States and the rule of law. Additionally, as a child, he was punished for his school misbehavior by being forced to read the Constitution, which he later said piqued his interest in the document. Marshall was a descendant of slaves. Marshall graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930. Afterward, Marshall wanted to apply to his hometown law school at the University of Maryland School of Law, but the dean told him that he shouldn't bother because he would not be accepted due to the school's segregation policy. Later, as a civil rights litigator, he successfully sued the school for this policy in the case of Murray v. Pearson. Instead, Marshall sought admission and was accepted at Howard University. He was influenced by its dynamic new dean, Charles Hamilton Houston, who instilled in his students the desire to apply the tenets of the Constitution to all Americans. Marshall was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Black Greek-letter fraternity, established by African American students in 1906. Marshall received his law degree from Howard in 1933, and set up a private practice in Baltimore. The following year, he began working with the Baltimore NAACP. H... ...anuary 24, 1993. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his second wife and their two sons. Marshall left all of his personal papers and notes to the Library of Congress. The Librarian of Congress opened Marshall's papers for immediate use by scholars, journalists and the public, insisting that this was Marshall's intent. The Marshall family and several of his close associates disputed this claim. There are numerous memorials to Justice Marshall. One is near the Maryland State House. The primary office building for the federal court system, located on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C., is named in honor of Justice Marshall and also contains a statue of him in the atrium. The major airport serving Baltimore and the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC, was renamed the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport on October 1, 2005.

Health Awareness Of Men Health And Social Care Essay

Although this is right the modern adult male is an germinating gender, doing alterations to better their life style, going more wellness witting and gaining they can do a difference. ( Millan.G, 2010, p.i ) The intent of this essay is to briefly outline some of the alterations work forces can and are doing when it comes to their ain wellness and good being. Besides to discourse the options available for the intervention of prostate malignant neoplastic disease and the advantages and hazards that lay behind holding a vasectomy. Work forces are taking charge and going responsible for their determinations when it comes to their wellness. Implicating things into their life style which are holding long term effects on their wellness, some of the alterations which can be made are ; alterations within 1s diet, believing about what one chow, how much and when. Exercise and weight are taken into consideration along with fume intoxicant and drug consumption, normally necessitating one to discontinue. ( Beazley M. , 2011, p.1-61 ) Other of import things that work forces are sing when altering 1s lifestyle is the consciousness of their emotional well being, the effects of equal force per unit area, emphasis degrees and direction every bit good as guaranting that regular wellness cheques are carried out. Health consciousness is a thing of the modern adult male. Typically work forces of the yesteryear have had a stereotyped image that they have felt they need to populate up to that has developed over old ages, this being that the male gender was the ‘stronger ‘ or ‘muscular ‘ gender and for many work forces acknowledging a wellness concern or unwellness was like acknowledging failing. Society ‘s manner of thought has easy evolved, now work forces and their households are encouraged to be proactive about work forces ‘s wellness and it is no longer considered a failing to acknowledge unwellness or inquire for aid. ( Millan, 2010, p.vi ) Health consciousness plays a immense function when it comes to the bar and sensing of many diseases, malignant neoplastic diseases and life threatening unwellnesss. Harmonizing to the New Zealand Guidelines Group, about 4 in every one hundred deceases amongst work forces are caused by prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Statisticss from 2001 show that about two tierces the deceases were aged over 75 old ages of age and that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the 3rd deadliest amongst work forces. ( Ministry of Health ( MOH ) , 2008. P.5 ) Prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a malignant tumour which starts in the prostate secretory organ and is portion of the male generative system. ( MOH, 2008, p. 4 ) In younger work forces it is merely little, incorporating a hole in the centre which the urethra, the tubing that passes piss from the vesica to out of the organic structure. As work forces mature through to an old age this frequently enlarges doing all kinds of jobs, most normally partially or wholly cutting off urine supply. ( Millan, G. 2010, p.147-149 ) Cancer of the prostate can be both a slow turning malignant neoplastic disease doing no symptoms or sawed-off life, every bit good as a rapid turning malignant neoplastic disease which finally escapes the prostate spreading to environing tissue and variety meats, this when the malignant neoplastic disease go life endangering. ( MOH, 2008, p.4 ) At this point the malignant neoplastic disease is able to be treated but considered incurable. ( Millan, G. 2010, p.149 ) Prostate malignant neoplastic disease can be treated in many different ways depending on what phase it is detected and the badness of its growing. These intervention options include hormonal, surgery and radiation interventions. ( Prostate Cancer, 2012, para 7 ) Today there are 6 types of standard interventions available for those diagnosed with prostate malignant neoplastic disease these are alert waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy and biologic therapy. Patients can besides choose to take portion in clinical tests of new types of interventions. Current clinical interventions consist of Cryosurgery, high strength focused ultrasound and Proton beam radiation therapy. ( National Cancer Institute, 2012, para 1-2 ) Usually it is recommended that a clinical intervention be carried out in concurrence with a standard method of intervention. ( Prostate Cancer, 2012, para 7 ) The interventions are categorized into two groups ; healing intervention and non-curative intervention. Curative intervention works towards bring arounding the disease either by surgery to take the malignant neoplastic disease or destructing the malignant neoplastic disease cells by agencies of radiation therapy. Non-curative interventions are used when the malignant neoplastic disease has spread and there is no longer a opportunity of cure spot there is still a high possibility of decelerating the patterned advance of the malignant neoplastic disease down. ( MOH, 2008, p12 ) There are many factors which increase the possibility of a adult male developing prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Harmonizing to Mead ( 1992 ) surveies have shown that those who have had a vasectomy are at an increased hazard of developing prostate malignant neoplastic disease later in life. ( Mead, N. , 1992, Para 2 ) A vasectomy is the procedure in which a male becomes unfertile, unable to bring forth seeds incorporating sperm. This is achieved by holding the two tubings, which carry sperm from the testicles to the phallus, cut and blocked. ( Mancini, L.A, 2012, para1 ) Although a vasectomy reversal is possible the determination to hold the process done should be exhaustively thought through, taking into consideration all of the hazards and advantages as a vasectomy reversal is non effectual one hundred per centum of the clip. Merely 40-75 % of the clip the reversal is a success. ( Mancini, L.A. , 2012, para 1 ) Some advantages of under traveling a vasectomy as a signifier of long-run sterilisation over other processs available are it is a cheaper, less invasive and is considered safer compared with the likes of the female process ; a tubal ligation. ( Ezekiel & A ; Co, 2010, para 1 ) A Vasectomy is a one time off process that does non necessitate any pills or devices used for birth control that are likely to bury to be taken. It is considered a dependable method of birth control and harmonizing to Relay Clinical Education there is merely a 0.1 % opportunity of falling pregnant after a vasectomy. ( Relay Clinical Education, 2012, p.4 ) With all advantages lie hazards and it is good known that a vasectomy, although rare can neglect at any point, this normally occurs shortly after the process, ensuing in an unexpected gestation. ( Halder, N, 2000, para 1-2 ) There are besides physical hazards and disadvantages which include swelling of the testicles, some degree of uncomfortableness, and some hemorrhage in the scrotum may be experienced following the process. Like all surgical scratchs or cuts there is besides hazard of infection and extra hemorrhage. Although rare chronic hurting in one or both of the testiss can besides be an issue and as a local anaesthetic is required these is ever hazard of it non working efficaciously or the patient holding an allergic reaction to the drugs. ( Relay Clinical Education, 2012, p.4 ) In decision work forces ‘s wellness today is more recognized to be an of import manner of future coevalss. Society is altering for the better of work forces and work forces are being encouraged to assist themselves and inquire for aid. Work force today attention about their wellness and good being, and are making more to better both their physical and psychological wellness along with covering with their emotional wellness. Key factors behind populating an gratifying life and keeping good wellness come from a combination of maintaining fit, healthy feeding, looking and experiencing younger, great sex, being involved in healthy relationships, taking a stress free life style and holding assurance. There are many effectual options available for the bar, sensing and intervention of prostate malignant neoplastic disease depending on the person ‘s instance. Like all processs a vasectomy has many advantages and disadvantages that need to be extremely considered before any pick about household planning is made.

Biography of Madame Bovary essays

Biography of Madame Bovary essays In every society there is a middle class. Individuals in this category don't have the luxuries that the elite few have, but they are far from living on the streets. They are stuck in the middle. There has to be some sort of influence that makes the middle class people think that way. One such influence was the period of Romanticism. Some people tried to make this dream a reality, and they wound up worse than they started. Such was the case of Emma, in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary. However, her results were tragic as she could not achieve that lifestyle she was looking for. In the 19th century, bourgeois women in France wanted to live a romantic life, as characterized by the influence of society. Emma Bovary had a dream of living in the high society. This dream came from her love of novels, especially romance novels. During the nineteenth century, Romanticism was alive in literature and art. It displayed exciting and emotional lifestyles, as opposed to ordinary life. The German poet Friedrich Schlegel defined Romanticism as literature depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form. For part of Emmas youth, she lived in a Catholic convent. She was essentially shut off from the exciting world that she yearned for, so she had to find ways of amusing herself. One of these ways was through reading romance novels. Once a week at the convent, a spinster came to mend the linens. She let the girls read the books she brought with her, and Emma took an instant liking to them. She found herself lost in a dream world of romance. Emma read books by authors like Sir Walter Scott, and she identified with the girl in the castle who watched from a window as her lover came galloping on a h orse. They were all love, lovers, sweethearts, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely pavilions, postilions killed at every stage, horses ridden to death on every page, sombre forests, heartaches, vows, sobs, tears and kisses, little ...

Free Essays on Changing America

A Changing America The 1920’s, one of the most important era’s in American history. It carried high prestige because of the fact that the 1920’s changed everything, from the way people thought about themselves to the way people had fun and kept themselves entertained. It was an era that had drastic changes in political attitude, economic attitude, and cultural values. The topics addressed in chapter 12 reflect a changing America in that American values and attitudes all changed due to the new wave thinking brought on by the 1920’s. The first major change in American society was the change that occurred in America’s political attitude. The most major change in political attitude was due to Americans newfound hatred of immigrants. Because the 1920’s instilled a sense of national pride and nationalism many Americans were against immigrants. People did not like immigrants because of the fact that they felt they were un-American and gave America a bad name. Since the 1920’s made people feel important because of new found income and entertainment, it made people believe that any time there was a problem in America it was not because of an American. Therefore a lot of the blame was placed on immigrants. So in order to keep America â€Å"American† the government put heavy restrictions on immigrants. One of these restrictions was the Act of 1921, which limited the amount of immigrants entering the United States from Europe. Then in 1924 the American government decided to lower the amount of European immigrants and exclude all Asian immigrants. Another occurrence in the 1920’s that explains the changing political attitude was Prohibition. Prohibition was a law that was passed through a new Amendment that outlawed the consumption and sale of alcohol. This was yet another attempt by the American government to eliminate all things that they felt brought America down. Even though Prohibition decreased domestic abuse and death it... Free Essays on Changing America Free Essays on Changing America A Changing America The 1920’s, one of the most important era’s in American history. It carried high prestige because of the fact that the 1920’s changed everything, from the way people thought about themselves to the way people had fun and kept themselves entertained. It was an era that had drastic changes in political attitude, economic attitude, and cultural values. The topics addressed in chapter 12 reflect a changing America in that American values and attitudes all changed due to the new wave thinking brought on by the 1920’s. The first major change in American society was the change that occurred in America’s political attitude. The most major change in political attitude was due to Americans newfound hatred of immigrants. Because the 1920’s instilled a sense of national pride and nationalism many Americans were against immigrants. People did not like immigrants because of the fact that they felt they were un-American and gave America a bad name. Since the 1920’s made people feel important because of new found income and entertainment, it made people believe that any time there was a problem in America it was not because of an American. Therefore a lot of the blame was placed on immigrants. So in order to keep America â€Å"American† the government put heavy restrictions on immigrants. One of these restrictions was the Act of 1921, which limited the amount of immigrants entering the United States from Europe. Then in 1924 the American government decided to lower the amount of European immigrants and exclude all Asian immigrants. Another occurrence in the 1920’s that explains the changing political attitude was Prohibition. Prohibition was a law that was passed through a new Amendment that outlawed the consumption and sale of alcohol. This was yet another attempt by the American government to eliminate all things that they felt brought America down. Even though Prohibition decreased domestic abuse and death it...

Rising caesarean section rates in the developed world- what needs to Scholarship Essay

Rising caesarean section rates in the developed world- what needs to be done - Scholarship Essay Example These include: maternal health, age, education, marital status, ethnic background and socio-economic perspectives. Women in the developed world are generally career oriented, and therefore, usually delay child birth. Thus the age and the health factors have impeded the natural process of giving birth in such women. Elective C-section is also opted for by such women because they find it easier to get an appointment for a C-section rather than waiting for their water to break, or for the labour to begin unexpectedly. The fear of labour pains forces many women to choose elective C-section. Education of pregnant women is essential, so as to encourage them to go through the natural process of child birth. Media can play an important role in advocating vaginal birth and in preventing unnecessary C-sections in the developed world. The socio-economic factor of the women in the developed world is pushing the rates even higher. The cost of a C-section is higher than a vaginal delivery- no wonder how private hospitals pay hefty fees to their surgeons! Insurance coverage is a compelling factor for the physicians to opt for C-section because the majority of the litigation cases are based on the claim that a timely C-section was not performed. The health insurance policies in the developed countries deal strictly with cases of head injuries or cerebral palsy that may occur during vaginal birth. ‘But fear of malpractice and complications on the part of physicians also has increased the use caesareans unnecessarily, Flamm says. On average, 90% of breach-babies are delivered by C-section, as are half of twins. C-section rates also are higher among women with any history of sexually transmitted disease. But the single greatest factor in rising rates, Flamm says, is fear of malpractice suits.’ (Lowers, 37) The rise in the C-section rates in the developed world has become a cause of concern. To a certain extent, abdominal birth, or C-section birth is taking over the

Lord of the Ring 3 and IR Theory Realism Research Paper

Lord of the Ring 3 and IR Theory Realism - Research Paper Example In addition, that development as wells as evolution can also seen in one of the important people involved activities of the ‘sphere’, which is the activity of politics. With the advancement in civilizations, people spread out and settled in new territories. In course of the history, those territories evolved into cities, states, and eventually countries. Along with this evolution and development of people and territories, the political setup, which ruled those civilizations, also evolved and new political setups entered the picture ruling cities, provinces or states and crucially countries. This evolution and establishment of different countries and their government setups have lead to the formulation of various theories and ideas including Realism by renowned thinkers and researchers, constituting under the International Relations domain. International Relations or IR for short, focuses on the relations between the countries of the world and how those relationship is ha ndled from the diplomatic and military perspective. The IR theory of Realism focuses on how a nation or territory will focus mainly on its interest and not from other perspective, and carry out actions accordingly. Although, IR theories including this Realism were formed mainly in the 20th century, and have applications in the current world, it can also be applied to fictional world as well, including historic fictional world. So, when this theory is applied to the historic fictional world featured in the movie The Lord of the Rings 3, it gives interesting perspectives. This paper focusing on the IR theory of Realism, will discuss how it has similarities as well as differences with the plot, events and characters specifically Sauron of Lord of the Rings 3. IR theory of Realism As pointed out above, Realism or political Realism is a key theory in the study of international relations which clearly prioritizes national interest as well as territorial security, over other forms of natio nal functioning including ideology, moral considerations, international peace, etc. As they give importance to these two aspects, they could indulge in offensive and aggressive actions against other territories or nations to uphold these aspects. â€Å"Realists consider the principal actors in the international arena to be states, which are concerned with their own security, act in pursuit of their own national interests, and struggle for power.†( Korab-Karpowicz). Thucydides, Machiavelli and Hobbes are regarded as the founding fathers of this Realism theory, however, the Twentieth-century classical Realism has been largely replaced in the current times by Neorealism.( Korab-Karpowicz). The difference between Realism and Neorealism is that, Neorealism incorporates a more scientific approach, when studies are conducted regarding the various aspects of international relations. However, Realism as a theory came into prominence mainly in the Cold War years, as both United States and Soviet Union carried out activities in various fields including Military, space, foreign relations, etc, etc, mainly to protect their self-interests. Thus, Realism during the Cold Wars â€Å"provided simple but powerful explanations for war, alliances, imperialism, obstacles to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and is consistent with the central features of the American-Soviet rivalry† (Little and Smith 387). The other key tenets of this Realism theory are, realists always view that the countries in the international system will always be in a constant state of antagonism, with a general distrust prevailing among the countries, and even among the countries, who are part of the alliance. The other key perspective is, â€Å"states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it

SOCIAL SCIENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SOCIAL SCIENCE - Essay Example Traditionally, there were models like biomedical model, which did not consider the human side of a patient. Jewson (1976, p. 235) analysis that in the biomedical model the â€Å"patient† was â€Å"designated a passive and uncritical role in the consultative relationship and his main function† was to â€Å"endure and wait.† According to Doyal (1983, p.31) in the traditional models â€Å"the disease had become more important than the person who harboured it.† However, there has been a shift to models that consider other factors such as social, psychological and environmental in shaping the context of a disease and illness. An example is the bio-psychosocial which has sought to understand medical conditions through the analysis of a variety of factors. The model acknowledges that in a disease context, there are many factors such as behavior and attitude towards the illness, social as well as psychological factors (Engel, 2012). The narratives from the patient s are today extensively applied to explore the patient experiences with illness (Charon 2001; Kleinman 1988). In this case, the awareness of the binary relationship between disease and illness has revolutionarised the medical practice. This is the difference between the biomedical constructs of the pathophysiological processes and individual’s subjective experience of the patient explored in other models that consider disease as a result of myriad factors (Kleinman 1988). The exploration of patient narrative is relevant in the case of diabetes because patients and physicians have different perceptions, concerns and goals (Anderson 1986; Freeman & Loewe 2000). In this assignment, a patient’s story on her experience with diabetes will be explored with an aim to construct the cultural, social and psychological meaning and locate the facts in contemporary theoretical perspectives. The real names

Psychological Testing Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Psychological Testing Article Analysis Essay Psychological testing is a tool to properly assess behaviors and characteristics of individuals. Results of psychological testing are often presented through statistical tables that allow evaluation and comparison of the different variables tested against set norms. This paper will review an article lifted from the Health Psychology journal and determine the appropriateness of the psychological testing instruments used in the study. For this purpose, the article chosen is â€Å"Evolution of Biopsychosocial Model: Prospects and Challenges for Health Psychology† written by Jerry Suls and Alex Rothman in 2004. Article Summary The Biopsychosocial Model has enabled health psychologists in the search for a multi-level, multi-system approach to human functioning (Suls Rothman, 2004). This idea is based on the premise that there is an intrinsic relationship between what is physical, psychological and social. However according to the research of Suls and Rothman, there are marked challenges that the model faces that have essentially impeded the progress of its full potential as a research, intervention and practice tool. The article’s ultimate goal was to determine what can be done to ensure the continuous refinement and evolution of the biopsychosocial model (Suls Rothman, 2004). As a means to determine the viability of the biopsychosocial model as a multi-faceted instrument to help explain an individual’s health psychology, Suls and Rothman resorted to the use of statistical tests in psychology. By conducting frequency tests and factor analysis, the team of Suls and Rothman came up with a list of recommendations in the model’s areas of research, training, policy and funding, and practice. These recommendations are to further utilization of the links between biological, psychological, social, and even macro-cultural variables, with the ultimate aim of enhancing health (2004). Through the tests five issues were also identified to be crucial in the progress of the biopsychosocial model as a legitimate approach to health assessment. The article concluded by highlighting the various advancements in health psychology, particularly with the biopsychosocial model. However, Suls and Rothman stressed that the full potential of the model in terms of the ability to advance the theory and practice remain untapped (2004). Only a strong commitment to the model and it implications would establish long-term success of its involvement in health psychology (Suls Rothman, 2004). Psychological Testing Instruments Used The article of Suls and Rothman did not explicitly discuss the test they used to assess the biopsychosocial model. In spite of this, it can be deduced from the tables they presented and the discussion of their findings that they relied on statistical tests in psychology in data-gathering. Statistical tests are commonly used to analyze results of a psychological research (Green D’Oliveria, 1982). In fact many social sciences, particularly psychology, necessitate the use of statistical inference to explain findings (Meehl, 1967). In this particular article where the bulk of the fact-finding are based on peer research, two statistical tests in psychology were used. Suls and Rothman conducted frequency tests two times in their research study. Frequency tests are the most helpful tool when comparing data against each other (Lane, 2004). Through frequency tests, marked differences in independent variables are clearly distinguished. To measure the progression of the biopsychosocial model as a accepted concept in health psychology, Suls and Rothman conducted a frequency test on the use of the term â€Å"biopsychosocial† in journals and articles of Medline from 1974 to 2001, totals of which were group into a 3-year period interval (2004). Suls and Rothman likewise applied a frequency test to measure the integration of behavioral approaches to medical science in the study (2004). They reviewed articles in 4 major medical journals namely New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association, and the Annals of Internal Medicine between the years of 1974 and 2001 (Suls and Rothman, 2004). Once again, they grouped the results into 3-year period intervals. From the raw frequency scores collected, they were able to produce a frequency polygon. A frequency polygon is the best way to present data gathered from frequency tests because it shows the shape of distribution of measured variables (Lane, 2004). Apart from frequency tests, Suls and Rothman also used factor analysis test. Factor analysis is one of the most commonly used statistical tests in various disciplines. It is used to determine patterns of relationships between variables (Gorsuch, 1983). In the area of psychology, factor analysis is commonly applied in intelligence research but it can also be used in other areas, like personality, behavior, belief, and even theory assessment. In this instance, factor analysis was used to assess the attitude of health psychologists towards the biopsychosocial model. The biopsychosocial model is dependent on the interaction between the biological, psychological, and social factors within an individual (Suls and Rothman, 2004). Suls and Rothman theorized that health psychologists are more likely to focus heavily on the psychological factor alone in the biopsychosocial model (2004). Therefore they used factor analysis to measure the presence of all the factors in articles written within a 12-month period, November 2001-September 2002 in Health Psychology. This particular application is called confirmatory factor analysis. It is used when the concern is to determine the number of variables that conform to a pre-determined theory set (Gorsuch, 1983). The value of this test is to assess the validity of preconceived ideas. In the case of Suls and Rothman’s study, it is the leaning of health psychologists towards psychological factors to assess an individual’s health. The article of Suls and Rothman did not make use of any standardized psychological testing instruments. The reason may be due to the fact that it is a study aimed at determining the advancement of a framework of health assessment. However, they still integrated valuable statistical testing in psychology to explain clearly the findings they have gathered. Effectiveness of the Psychological Testing Instruments Used The main premise of Suls and Rothman’s article is that the biopsychosocial model has proven remarkably successful in shaping the way health psychologists view an individual’s overall functioning (Suls and Rothman, 2004). To prove this point, the team proceeded to measure the familiarity of the concept among health psychologists by reviewing published journals in Medline, and four other notable medical journals. The raw data collected was then subjected to different statistical tests commonly applied in the field of psychology. From there Suls and Rothman were able to formulate recommendations vital to the advancement of the biopsychosocial model as a valid instrument in health assessment. The effectiveness of psychological testing is based mainly on two factors, validity and reliability. Validity measures the soundness of a test against its set objectives. On the other hand reliability measures the accuracy of the test in terms of producing consistent results. To determine whether the result of psychological testing is effective, researchers usually turn to statistical tests. In this case where no standardized psychological testing instruments were used, the effectiveness of the study may be directly correlated with the quality of the results produced by the statistical tests used by Suls and Rothman. Suls and Rothman resorted to frequency test to explain their findings on the use of â€Å"biopsychosocial† as a term in medical journals. The test confirmed their initial assumption that the biopsychosocial model has helped in advancing health psychology in the last 25 years. The frequency test showed a consistent rise in the use of â€Å"biopsychosocial† as a term in medical journals. However, Suls and Rothman are quick to stress that this may also be due to the increase of the number of articles published that deal with behavior in recent years (2004). They also used frequency test to assess the integration of behavioral approach to medical science (Suls Rothman, 2004). The results attested as well to the increased integration of behavioral approaches to medical science in the last 30 years (Suls Rothman, 2004). Finally a factor analysis test was conducted to determine the reliance of health psychologists on the variables essential to the biopsychosocial model. The factor analysis test clearly showed that health psychologists are still biased in considering psychological issues over biological, and even social. This correctly proved the initial postulation of Suls and Rothman. Considering that the statistical tests in psychology used in the research of Suls and Rothman ably supported their theory, it can be said that they were effective. However, since the study is mostly a review of journals it is not enough to completely determine the actual advancement of the biopsychosocial model as a tool for health assessment. George Schwartz in his book suggested that the biopsychosocial model faces a challenge with the use of empirical testing (1982). Empirical testing is a vital component to any psychological research. Another is that the model remains a concept in research. It has yet to transcend from research to practice, then back to research (Keefe, Buffington, Studts Rumble, 2002). This is when the recommendations of Suls and Rothman become important. They were able to identify important areas that are tangible and measurable that will help in the transition of the model from a mere conceptual framework to a fully working tool in health assessment. As a stand-alone article, Suls and Rothman presented a thorough exposition of their chosen subject. However, based on the criteria of the article review, it did not meet the standards required. The fundamental component needed in the review is psychological testing in which the article did not have. On the other hand, the statistical tests were very helpful in understanding the basis of Suls’ and Rothman’s conclusion. Considering the statistical tests were properly chosen and used, it can be concluded that in the end the article of Suls and Rothman was a success. References Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Green, J. D’Oliveria, M. (1982). Learning to use statistical tests in psychology 3rd edition. NY: Open University. Keefe, F. , Buffington, A. , Studts, J. , Rumble, M. (2002). Behavioral medicine: 2002 and beyond. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 852-856. Lane, D. (2004, Augus 10). Frequency polygons. Connections. Retrieved August 25, 2010,